| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1] Pre-biotic world and chemical evolution. | ||
| 2-3] Cellular architecture and molecular organization of cell. | ||
| 4] Metabolic functions of cell. | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 5] Thermodynamics, | ||
| 6] Chemical equilibrium and standard state. | ||
| 7-8] Living cell as steady state and open system obeying laws of thermodynamics. | ||
| 9] Minimum energy conformation. | ||
| 10-11] Quantum mechanical calculation. | ||
| 12] ∆G and ATP. | ||
| UNIT III | ||
| 13] Properties of water. | ||
| 14] Homeostasis | ||
| 15] Colloids and determination of size of colloidal particles. | ||
| 16] Brownian motion, precipitation, mutual precipitation and protective colloids. | ||
| 17] Dialysis and ultrafiltration | ||
| 18-19] Donnan’s theory of membrane equilibrium, membrane hydrolysis | ||
| 20-21] Application of physicochemical laws in living organisms (osmosis, viscosity, surface forces, adsorption, etc.) | ||
| 22] Bronsted’s theory of Acids and Bases, titratable and actual acidity. | ||
| 23] Determination of pH, Henderson – Hasselbalch Equation | ||
| 24] Buffers and factors affecting buffering capacity. | ||
| 25] Bicarbonate buffer system, Phosphate buffer system, | ||
| 26] Protein buffer system and Haemoglobin buffer system. | ||
| 27] Amino acid buffer system, buffer of RBC’s and plasma. | ||
| 28-29] Chemical basis of oral and parental fluid/electrolyte therapies | ||
| 30] Bacterial toxigenic diarrhoeas | ||
| 31] Problem solving – Lecture1 to12. | ||
| 32] Problem solving – Lecture13 to30. |
| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 2] Determination of pKa and buffer concentration | ||
| 3] Calculation of normality. | ||
| 4] Principle and application of colorimetry and spectrophotometry. | ||
| 5] Application NMR-X ray crystallography. (Theoritocal back ground). | ||
| 6] Principle and application of Paper Chromatography. | ||
| 7] Principle and application of Thin Layer Chromatography. | ||
| 8] Principles and applications of Column chromatography. | ||
| 9] Partition chromatography and adsorption co-efficient. | ||
| 10] Quantitative and qualitative chromatography of amino acids. | ||
| 11] Quantitative and qualitative chromatography of lipids. | ||
| 12] Quantitative and qualitative chromatography of sugars. (Theoritocal back ground) | ||
| 13] Elution following Column chromatography. | ||
| 14] Gas chromatography. (Theoritocal back ground) | ||
| 15] Packing of column and choice of detectors and densitometry. | ||
| 16] Application of electrophoresis. Electrophoresis of proteins. | ||
| 17] Electrophoresis of nucleic acids. | ||
| 18] Use of sodium dodecyl sulfate and molecular weight determination. | ||
| 19] Use of sodium dodecyl sulfate and molecular weight determination. | ||
| 20] Densitometry procedures and quantitative assays. | ||
| 21] Immuno-electrophoresis and its applications. | ||
| 22-23] Preparation of agar/agarose gel for immuno-electrophoresis. | ||
| 24] Isoelectrofocussing. | ||
| 25] Isotacophoresis. | ||
| 26] Molecular sieving and its application in Biochemistry. | ||
| 27] General properties of dextran, acrylamide, agar and other media used for gel filtration. | ||
| 28] Ultracentrifugation– its principle and use. | ||
| 29-30] Preparative analytical and density gradient ultracentrifugation. | ||
| 31] Fractionation of sub-cellular components. | ||
| 32] Molecular weight determination using ultracentrifuge. |
| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1] Nucleotides and nucleic acids. | ||
| 2] High order structures, cohesions and condensins in chromosome structure. | ||
| 3] SMC proteins and sequencing. | ||
| 4] Mutation and evolution. | ||
| 5] DNA libraries. | ||
| 6] Bacterial RNA polymerase. | ||
| 7] RNA interference. | ||
| 8] DNA replication. | ||
| 9] RNA synthesis. | ||
| 10] Control of gene expression. | ||
| 11] DNA microarrays/chips. | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 12] PCR and factors affecting it. | ||
| 13] r-DNA technology in improving domestic animals. | ||
| 14] RELP, Gene and gene products. | ||
| 15] Genetic changes in hereditary diseases, cancer and detection using DNA probes. | ||
| 16] Gene Therapy, DNA vaccines, anti-tumor antibodies. | ||
| 17] Telomerases and Topoisomerases in treatment of diseases. | ||
| 18] Staphylococcus resistance to erythromycin. | ||
| UNIT III | ||
| 19] Peptide bonds and protein structure. | ||
| 20] Acid-base properties and stereochemistry of proteins. | ||
| 21] Side chain modifications and biological activities of proteins. | ||
| 22] Green fluorescent protein and use. | ||
| 23] Polypeptide diversity, protein purification and analysis. | ||
| 24] Protein sequencing, reconstructing the protein sequence. | ||
| 25] Gene duplication and protein families. | ||
| 26] Protein modules, combinatorial peptide libraries folding. | ||
| 27] Structural bio-informatics. | ||
| 28] Protein structure prediction, designing and Proteomics. | ||
| 29] Drug molecules, myoglobin and haemoglobin. | ||
| 30] Mechanism and co-operativity in Hb. | ||
| 31] High altitude adaptation in ruminants and equines. | ||
| 32] Use of amino acid analysis in disease diagnosis. |
| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1] Carbohydrates: structure | ||
| 2] Glycoconjugates in cell surface, extra cellular matrix, | ||
| 3] Sugar code functions, peptidoglycan-specific antibiotics | ||
| 4] Cellular effects of Insulin | ||
| 5] Glucose supply and removal | ||
| 6] Ruminal fermentation | ||
| 7] Role of liver | ||
| 8] Glucose tolerance, indirect monitoring of blood glucose | ||
| 9] Ketone bodies | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 10] Lipid classification, | ||
| 11] Metabolism of LCFA, TAG, PL, | ||
| 12] Sphingolipids, cholesterol, lipoproteins | ||
| 13] Regulation of lipid metabolism in fed and fasted states | ||
| 14] Regulation of FA oxidation, fas as regulatory molecules | ||
| 15] Glucose production and fas in type II diabetes | ||
| 16] Ketone bodies as fuel. | ||
| UNIT III | ||
| 17] Lipid bilayers, lipid motility, | ||
| 18] Integral membrane proteins, lipid linked proteins, peripheral membrane proteins | ||
| 19] Fluid mosaic model, membrane skeleton, | ||
| 20] Lipid asymmetry, vesicle trafficking | ||
| 21] Secretory pathway, membrane rafts | ||
| 22] Caveolae fusion | ||
| 23] Lung surfactant | ||
| 24] Structure of bacterial rhodopsin | ||
| 25] Thermodynamics of membrane transport | ||
| 26] Ionophores, porins, ion channels, aquaporins, transport proteins | ||
| 27] P and F types (Na+ – K+ ) atpases | ||
| 28] Ca , Ion–gradient, Gap Junction, | ||
| 29] Cl–HCO- exchanger | ||
| 30] Cardiac 2+3 glycosides | ||
| 31] Abnormalities in cell membrane fluidity | ||
| 32] Haemolyticanaemia |
| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1] Introduction to the enzymes their classification and functions. | ||
| 2] Enzyme activation energy. | ||
| 3] Mechanisms of acid-base reaction co-ordination. | ||
| 4] Mechanisms of covalent reaction co-ordination. | ||
| 5] Mechanisms of metal ion reaction co-ordination. | ||
| 6] Proximity and orientation effects. | ||
| 7] Preferential transitional state binding. | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 8] Chemical kinetics of reaction. | ||
| 9] Enzyme kinetics of reaction. | ||
| 10] Kinetic data analysis. | ||
| 11] Bisubstrate reactions. | ||
| 12-13] Competitive, Uncompetitive, Mixed inhibitors. | ||
| 14] Allosteric regulation. | ||
| 15] Enzymes in drug designing. | ||
| 16] Enzymes in drug discovery. | ||
| 17] Bioavailability and toxicity. | ||
| 18] Enzymes in clinical trials. | ||
| 19] Cytochrome P450 and adverse drug reactions. | ||
| 20] Synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycans. | ||
| 21] Synthesis of Oxygenases. | ||
| 22] Synthesis of mixed function oxidases. | ||
| 23] Enzyme linked diagnostics. | ||
| UNIT III | ||
| 24] Lysozymes. | ||
| 25] Serine proteases. | ||
| 26] Physiology and tumor cell metastasis. | ||
| 27] Nerve poisons. | ||
| 28] Blood coagulation cascade. | ||
| 29] Equine immuno-deficiency enzyme inhibitors. | ||
| 30] Suicide activators (DFMO for inhibition of ornithine decarboxylases in trypanosomiasis). | ||
| 31] Problem solving – Lecture1 to12. | ||
| 32] Problem solving – Lecture13 to30. |
| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1] Metabolic control, | ||
| 2] Analyses for enzymes limiting the flux through a pathway. | ||
| 3] Trophic strategies, | ||
| 4] Universal mapping of metabolic pathways | ||
| 5] Thermodynamic relationships. G, | ||
| 6] ATP and phosphoryl group transfer | ||
| 7] Coupled reactions, thioesters, | ||
| 8] NAD+ and FAD. | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 9] Overview of carbohydrate and lipid cycles, | ||
| 10] Control of glycolysis | ||
| 11] Glycolysis in cancer cells | ||
| 12] Control of pentose phosphate pathways | ||
| 13] Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | ||
| 14] Control of glycogen metabolism | ||
| 15] Control of gluconeogenesis | ||
| 16] GSD. | ||
| 17] Regulation of citric acid cycle | ||
| 18] Pathways that use citric acid intermediates | ||
| 19] Sugar interconversions and nucleotide – linked sugar formation | ||
| 20] Disorders associated with impairment of metabolism | ||
| UNIT III | ||
| 21] Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation | ||
| 22] Generation of heat by uncoupling in brown adipose tissue. | ||
| UNIT IV | ||
| 23] Regulation of fatty acid metabolism | ||
| 24] Inhibitors of fatty acids biosynthesis | ||
| 25] Sphingolipid degradation | ||
| 26] Lipid storage disease | ||
| 27] Regulation of cholesterol synthesis | ||
| 28] PGs in NSAID | ||
| 29] Leukotrienes | ||
| 30] HETEs | ||
| 31] Hypersensitivity | ||
| 32] Influence of glucose metabolism on lipid metabolism |
| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1] Overview of pathways of amino acid | ||
| 2] Overview of pathways of nucleic acid metabolism | ||
| 3] Lysosomal degradation | ||
| 4] Ubiquitin | ||
| 5] Proteosome | ||
| 6] Breakdown of amino acids | ||
| 7] Heme biosynthesis and degradation | ||
| 8] Biosynthesis of physiologically active amines | ||
| 9] Nitric oxide | ||
| 10] Homocystein as marker of disease | ||
| 11-12] Diseases of amino acid metabolism | ||
| 13] Porphyrias | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 14] Nucleotide synthesis and degradation | ||
| 15] Inhibition of thymidylate synthesis in cancer therapy | ||
| 16] Mutation in coenzyme binding sites and diseases | ||
| 17] Forces stabilizing NA structure | ||
| 18] Restriction endonucleases | ||
| 19] Small inhibitory RNAs | ||
| 20] Chromatin organization | ||
| 21] Inhibitors of topoisomerases as antibiotic | ||
| 22] Anti-cancer agents interfering with purine and pyramidine metabolism | ||
| UNIT III | ||
| 23] Viral nucleic acids | ||
| 24] DNA damage and repair | ||
| 25] Telomerase | ||
| 26] Ageing and cancer | ||
| 27] Topoisomerases as drug targets | ||
| 28] Chemotherapy can target precursors of DNA synthesis | ||
| 29] Antibiotics and toxins that target RNA polymerase | ||
| 30] Lysosomal enzymes | ||
| 31] Gout | ||
| 32] Diseases in purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic impairment |
| Tentative lecture schedule | |||
|
|||
| 1] Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism | |||
| 2] Regulation of lipid metabolism | |||
| 3] Regulation of protein metabolism | |||
| 4] Regulation of nucleic acid metabolism | |||
| 5] Integration all metabolic pathways | |||
| UNIT II | |||
| 6] Organ specialization in fuel metabolism: Brain, muscle | |||
| 7] Organ specialization in fuel metabolism: adipose tissue, liver, kidney | |||
| 8] Inter organ metabolic pathways | |||
| 9] Hormonal control of fuel metabolism | |||
| 10] Tracing metabolic fates perturbing the system | |||
| UNIT III | |||
| 11] Signal transduction, gated ion channels | |||
| 12] G-proteins | |||
| 13] Adenylatecyclase, cGMP, Ca2+ | |||
| 14] Receptor tyrosine kinase | |||
| 15] Protein phosphatases | |||
| 16] Interaction of Ca2+ with phosphoserine/tyrosine | |||
| 17] Integrations of proteins/ messengers in signal transduction | |||
| 18] Drugs and toxins | |||
| 19] Cell cycle and CDKs that affect cell signaling | |||
| UNIT IV | |||
| 20] Oncogenes and cancers | |||
| 21] Mitochondrial genes and diseases | |||
| 22] Reactive oxygen species | |||
| 23] Cyanide and arsenic poisoning | |||
| 24] Metabolic inter-relationships in obesity, diabetes, and cancer | |||
| 25] Metabolic inter-relationships in aerobic and anaerobic exercise in horses | |||
| 26] Metabolic inter-relationships in pregnancy, lactation and stress injury | |||
| 27] Mitochondria in apoptosis and oxidative stress, cell suicide | |||
| 28] Liver diseases | |||
| 29] Renal diseases | |||
| 30] Acid-base balance | |||
| 31] Metabolic/sensory transduction in nervous tissue | |||
| 32] | Vision, blood coagulation | ||
| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1] Overview of transcription and translation in eukaryotes | ||
| 2] Collision between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase | ||
| 3] Inhibitors of transcription | ||
| 4] Introns | ||
| 5] Evolution and expansion of the genetic code | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 6] The effects of antibiotics and toxins on protein synthesis | ||
| 7] X – chromosome inactivation | ||
| 8] Eukaryotic gene expression | ||
| 9] Protein targeting | ||
| UNIT III | ||
| 10] Actin structure | ||
| 11] Microfilament dynamics | ||
| 12] Actin-myosin reacting cycle | ||
| 13] Tubulin dimmer | ||
| 14] Microtubules dynamics | ||
| 15] Kinensins and dyeins | ||
| UNIT IV | ||
| 16] Antigen-antibody binding | ||
| 17] Cytokines | ||
| 18] Principles of immunochemical methods | ||
| 19] Agglutination, precipitation | ||
| 20] Typing of major histo-compatibility antigens | ||
| 21] Blood group substances in farm animals | ||
| UNIT V | ||
| 22] Proteins as infectious agents (prions – BSE). | ||
| 23] Protein misfolding and aggregation | ||
| 24] Plasma proteins, synthesis, functions | ||
| 25] Influences of physiological factors and inflammation on proteins | ||
| 26] Dysproteinemias | ||
| 27] Defects in collagen synthesis | ||
| 28] Transmissible multiple drug resistance | ||
| 29] Transcription factors and cardiovascular diseases | ||
| 30] Transferrin | ||
| 31] Lactoferrin | ||
| 32] Ferritin and Ceruloplasmin |
| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1-3] Disturbances of gastro-intestinal function- Irritable Bowel Syndrone Ulcerative Collitis | ||
| 4-6] Disturbances of rumen function. – Bloat (Tympany), urea poisoning, acute rumen indigestion, Lactic acidosis | ||
| 7-8] Pickled pigs and malignant hyperthermia. | ||
| 9-10] Diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. Eg. mitochondrialdiseases | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 11] Myocardial infarction, | ||
| 12] Respiratory distress syndrome. | ||
| 13-14] Primary renal dysfunctions and test, | ||
| 15-16] Doping. Problems in game horses. | ||
| UNIT III | ||
| 17-18] Enzymes of diagnostic importance. | ||
| 19-20] Toxicity of ammonia in animals.Genetic defects in urea cycle. | ||
| 21] Lysosomal storage diseases. | ||
| 22-23] ATP synthase inhibitory protein during ischemia. Ischaemic – reperfusion injury. | ||
| UNIT IV | ||
| 24-25] Molecular oncology and tumor markers. | ||
| 26] CSF characteristics in diseases. | ||
| 27] Clinical Biochemistry in toxicology. | ||
| 28] Glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c, fructosamine. | ||
| 29] Deranged glucose metabolism in cancerous tissue. | ||
| 30] Free Radical damage. | ||
| 31] Problem solving for lectures 1-16 | ||
| 32] Problem solving for lectures 17-30 |
| Credit Hours: 2 + 0 = 2 Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1] Diabetes mellitus | ||
| 2-3] Hyperinsulemia, galactosemia, hypoglycaemia of baby pigs, | ||
| 4] Glycogen Storage Disease. | ||
| 5] Carbohydrate balance in ruminants. | ||
| 6] Biochemical alterations in body fluids of ruminants in hypoglycaemia, | ||
| 7] Ruminant ketosis. | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 8] Hypercholesterolemia, | ||
| 9] Atherosclerosis, | ||
| 10-11] hyperlipidemia in canine, feline, equine. | ||
| 12] Pathophysiology of ketonemia. | ||
| 13-14] Ketosis associated with fasting, diabetes, pregnancy, lactation and post exercise. | ||
| UNIT III | ||
| 15] Anemias of the newborn, | ||
| 16-17] Cytosolic enzyme deficiencies and membrane abnormalities in erythrocytes. | ||
| 18] Porphyrins and porphyrias. | ||
| 19] Disorders of iron metabolism, | ||
| 21] Neutrophil function defects and its testing. | ||
| 22] Equine immuno-deficiency. | ||
| UNIT IV | ||
| 23-24] Hepatic insufficiencies and its laboratory assessment | ||
| 25-26] Pancreatitis and insuffiency | ||
| 27-28] Metabolic diseases of Ca, P, Mg metabolism | ||
| 29] Iron overload and injection | ||
| 30] Inorganic polyphosphate metabolism | ||
| 31] Problem solving for lectures 1 – 16 | ||
| 32] Problem solving for lectures 17 – 30 |
| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1-2] Mechanism of hormone action | ||
| 3] Receptor binding, | ||
| 4-6] Biosynthesis of hormones and factors | ||
| 7-8] Metabolic aspects in physio-pathology of hormones, factors, and minerals. | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 9-10] Metabolic functions of the hormones of the hypothalamus | ||
| 11-12] Metabolic functions of pituitary | ||
| 13] Metabolic functions of Thyroid | ||
| 14] Metabolic functions of parathyroid | ||
| 15] Metabolic functions of pancreas | ||
| 16-17] Metabolic functions of adrenal | ||
| 18] Metabolic functions of pineal | ||
| 19] Metabolic functions of ovaries | ||
| 20] Metabolic functions of testes | ||
| 21-22] Biochemistry of prostaglandins and related agents. | ||
| 23-24] Clinical endocrine aspects in production in domestic animals | ||
| 25-26] Clinical endocrine aspects in reproduction status in domestic animals | ||
| 27-28] Clinical endocrine aspects in production in poultry | ||
| 29-30] Clinical endocrine aspects in reproduction status in poultry | ||
| 31] Problem solving for lectures 1-15 | ||
| 32] Problem solving for lectures 15-30 |
| Tentative lecture schedule | ||
|
||
| 1-2] Chemistry of milk lipids, | ||
| 3-4] Chemistry of milk proteins, | ||
| 5-6] Chemistry of milk carbohydrates, | ||
| 7-8] Chemistry of milk minerals, | ||
| 9-10] Chemistry of milk vitamins, | ||
| 11-12] Chemistry of milk pigments and enzymes. | ||
| 13-14] Structure of milk lipids, fat globular membranes, modification of milk fat. | ||
| 15-16] Milk proteins – casein, amino acid composition, whey proteins, immunoglobulins, genetic polymorphism. | ||
| 17-18] Carbohydrates: structure and sweetness. | ||
| UNIT II | ||
| 19-20] The biochemistry controlling postmortem energy metabolism mechanisms. | ||
| 21-22] Application of genomic technologies to the improvement of meat quality of farm animals. | ||
| 23-24] Identification of meat quality parameters by proteomics. | ||
| 25-26] Application of proteomics to understand the molecular mechanisms behind meat quality. | ||
| 27-28] Oxidative stability of post mortem muscles from sheep of various ages. | ||
| UNIT III | ||
| 29-30] Metabolic demands of draft animals, and biochemical aspects of work and kinesiology. | ||
| 31] Problem solving for lectures 1-15 | ||
| 32] Problem solving for lectures 15-30 | ||